Ntule nke ọtụtụ na umu na-pụrụ iche n'ime nwoke na nwaanyị iche, onye ọ bụla maara dị ka a mmekọahụ , na ụfọdụ na-ada n'etiti ịbụ intersex. Mmekọahụ mmeputakwa-agụnye na ijikọta na agwakọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa àgwà: pụrụ iche mkpụrụ ndụ maara dị ka gametes ikpokọta na-etolite mkpụrụ na eketa àgwà onye ọ bụla nne na nna. Gametes nwere ike ịbụ yiri na ụdị na ọrụ (mara dị ka isogamy), ma na ọtụtụ mgbe ihe asymmetry emewo, ghọrọ usoro ndị dị otú ahụ na abụọ mmekọahụ-kpọmkwem ụdị nke gametes (heterogametes) adị (mara dị ka anisogamy).
N'etiti ụmụ mmadụ na ndị ọzọ na mammals, ụmụ nwoke a na-ebu XY chromosomes, ebe nwanyị a na-ebu XX chromosomes, nke bụ a akụkụ nke XY mmekọahụ na ikpebiri usoro. Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ nwere mmekọahụ na ikpebiri usoro dị ka nke ọma, dị ka ZW mmekọahụ-mkpebi siri ike na usoro ke nnụnụ, na X0 mmekọahụ-mkpebi siri ike na usoro ke ụmụ ahụhụ.
The gametes mepụtara ihe organism kpebisiri ike na site na ya mmekọahụ: ụmụ nwoke na-emepụta nwoke gametes (spermatozoa, ma ọ bụ spam, na ụmụ anụmanụ; pollen na osisi) mgbe nwanyị na-emepụta nwaanyị gametes (ova, ma ọ bụ egg mkpụrụ ndụ); onye ntule nke na-emepụta ma nwoke na nwanyị gametes na-akpọ ógbè hermaphroditic. Ọtụtụ mgbe, nke anụ ahụ dịgasị iche iche na-metụtara dị iche iche sexes nke organism; ndị a mmekọahụ dimorphisms nwere ike na-egosipụta dị iche iche omumu nrụgide nwoke na ndi nwanyi ahụmahụ. Dị ka ihe atụ, mate oke na mmekọahụ nhọrọ nwere ike mee ngwangwa na mmalite nke anụ ahụ iche n'etiti sexes.
Overview
Otu n'ime ndị isi Njirimara nke ndụ bụ mmeputakwa, ike n'ịwa ọhụrụ ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, na mmekọahụ bụ ihe dị mkpa n'okwu nke a. Ndụ ka ghọrọ usoro si dị mfe nkebi ihe mgbagwoju omume, nke mere nwere mmeputakwa usoro. Ná mmalite nke mmeputakwa bụ a imepụtaghachi usoro na mejupụtara na-amị ọhụrụ ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-ebu otu ihe ahụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọmụma dị ka ihe mbụ ma ọ bụ nne na nna mmadu. Nke a mode nke mmeputakwa a na-akpọ mmụba mkpụrụ ya , na ọ ka na-eji ọtụtụ umu, karịsịa unicellular, ma ọ dịkwa nnọọ nkịtị ke multicellular ntule.Na mmekọahụ mmeputakwa, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ihe onwunwe nke mkpụrụ-abịa site na abụọ dị iche iche n'otu n'otu. Dị ka mmekọahụ mmeputakwa mepụtara site n'ụzọ nke a ogologo usoro nke mmalite, intermediates adị. Nje bacteria, ihe atụ, mụta nwa asexually, ma-ata a, usoro nke a akụkụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ihe onwunwe nke mmadu (onyinye) na-agafere ihe ndị ọzọ (nnata).
Ileghara intermediates, bụ isi ihe dị iche n'etiti mmụba mkpụrụ ya na-enwe mmekọahụ mmeputakwa bụ ụzọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ihe onwunwe na-esichara. A, tupu ihe mmụba mkpụrụ nkewa, a cell duplicates ya mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọmụma ọdịnaya, na mgbe ahụ na-ekewa. Usoro a nke cell nkewa a na-akpọ mitosis. Na mmekọahụ mmeputakwa, e nwere pụrụ iche iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-eke na-enweghị tupu mbiputegharị nke ya mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ihe onwunwe, na a usoro aha ya bụ meiosis. Ihe ndị mkpụrụ ndụ na-akpọ gametes, ma nwere nanị ọkara nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ihe onwunwe nke ndị nne na nna mkpụrụ ndụ. Ndị a gametes bụ mkpụrụ ndụ na-akwadebe maka mmekọahụ mmeputakwa nke organism. [4] Sex comprises ndokwa ndị na-enyere mmekọahụ mmeputakwa, na emewo, ghọrọ usoro n'akụkụ mmeputakwa usoro, malite na yiri gametes (isogamy) na inwe ọganihu ruo na sistemụ na-enwe dị iche iche gamete iche, dị ka ndị metụtara a nnukwu nwaanyị gamete (ovum) na a obere nwoke gamete (spam).
Na mgbagwoju ntule, na mmekọahụ na akụkụ bụ akụkụ na-etinye aka ná mmepụta na mgbanwe nke gametes na mmekọahụ mmeputakwa. Ọtụtụ umu, karịsịa ụmụ anụmanụ, nwere mmekọahụ iche iche, na ha bi na-ekewa n'ime nwoke na nwaanyị mmadụ n'otu n'otu. Ọzọ, e nwere ndị na umu nke ọ dịghị mmekọahụ iche iche, na otu ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu ma nwere oke na nwanyị omumu akụkụ, ha na-akpọ hermaphrodites. Nke a bụ nnọọ Ugboro ke osisi.
Evolution
Main isiokwu: Evolution of mmekọahụ mmeputakwa
Ụdị dị iche iche ofanisogamy:
A) anisogamy nke motile mkpụrụ ndụ, B) oogamy (egg cell na spam cell), C) anisogamy nke na-abụghị motile mkpụrụ ndụ (egg cell na spermatia).
A) anisogamy nke motile mkpụrụ ndụ, B) oogamy (egg cell na spam cell), C) anisogamy nke na-abụghị motile mkpụrụ ndụ (egg cell na spermatia).
Ụdị dị iche iche nke isogamy:
A) isogamy nke motile mkpụrụ ndụ, B) isogamy nke na-abụghị motile mkpụrụ ndụ, C) conjugation.
A) isogamy nke motile mkpụrụ ndụ, B) isogamy nke na-abụghị motile mkpụrụ ndụ, C) conjugation.
Mmekọahụ mmeputakwa mbụ eleghị anya, ghọrọ usoro ihe a ijeri afọ gara aga n'ime ndị nna ochie otu-celled eukaryotes. Ihe kpatara nke na mmalite nke mmekọahụ, na ihe mere (s) o ji lanarị ruo ugbu a, ka na-echebakwara okwu banyere arụmụka. Ụfọdụ n'ime ọtụtụ ezi uche chepụtara na-agụnye: na mmekọahụ emepụta mgbanwe n'etiti ụmụ, mmekọahụ na-enyere na mgbasa nke ihe uru àgwà, na mmekọahụ na-enyere na mwepụ nke disadvantageous àgwà, nakwa na mmekọahụ mmemmem ndozi nke nje-akara DNA.
Mmekọahụ mmeputakwa bụ usoro kpọmkwem na-eukaryotes, ntule onye mkpụrụ ndụ na-ebu a ntọala na mitochondria. Na mgbakwunye na ụmụ anụmanụ, osisi, na fungi, ndị ọzọ eukaryotes (eg na ịba nje) na-enwe mmekọahụ mmeputakwa. Ụfọdụ bacteria na-eji conjugation nyefee mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ihe onwunwe n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ;mgbe ọ bụghị otu ihe ahụ dị ka mmekọahụ mmeputakwa, nke a na-edugakwa n'ime ngwakọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa àgwà.
The akọwapụta e ji mara ndị mmekọahụ mmeputakwa na eukaryotes bụ ihe dị iche n'etiti ndị gametes na ọnụọgụ abụọ ọdịdị nke Fertilization. Multiplicity nke gamete iche n'ime otu ụdị ka ga-atụle a ụdị mmekọahụ mmeputakwa. Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị atọ gamete a maara na multicellular ụmụ anụmanụ.
Mgbe mmalite nke mmekọahụ ụbọchị ka prokaryote ma ọ bụ n'oge eukaryote ogbo, [11] si malite chromosomal mmekọahụ mkpebi siri ike nwere ike ịbụ pụtara n'isi eukaryotes (lee Evolution of anisogamy). The ZW mmekọahụ na ikpebiri usoro a na-akọrọ site na nnụnụ, na ụfọdụ azụ na ụfọdụ crustaceans. XY mmekọahụ mkpebi siri ike na-eji ọtụtụ mammals, [12] ma e nwekwara ihe ụmụ ahụhụ, [13] ma osisi ( Silene latifolia ). [14] X0 mmekọahụ-mkpebi siri ike a hụrụ na ụfọdụ ụmụ ahụhụ.
Ọ dịghị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-akọrọ n'etiti avian ZW na anu ara XY chromosomes,[15] ma site na tụnyere n'etiti ọkụkọ na ụmụ mmadụ, na Z chromosome pụtara yiri ihe autosomal chromosome 9 mmadụ, kama X ma ọ bụ Y, egosi na ndị ZW na XY mmekọahụ-mkpebi siri ike na usoro na-anọghị n'otu ihe si malite, ma nke ahụ bụ mmekọahụ chromosomes na-ewepụtara autosomal chromosomes nke ndị nkịtị nna nna nke ụmụ nnụnụ na mammals. A akwụkwọ si 2004 tụnyere ọkụkọ Z chromosome na platypus X chromosomes na-atụ aro na abụọ usoro nwere njikọ.
mmekọahụ mmeputakwa
Main isiokwu: Mmekọahụ mmeputakwa
Ọzọkwa ozi: Isogamy na Anisogamy
Mmekọahụ mmeputakwa na eukaryotes bụ usoro adịru oge ntule etolite mkpụrụ na ikpokọta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa àgwà si ma ndị nne na nna. Chromosomes na-ebufere site n'otu ọgbọ gaa n'ọzọ na usoro a. Onye ọ bụla cell na mkpụrụ nwere ọkara chromosomes nke nne na ọkara ndị nna. Genetic àgwà na-ẹdude n'ime deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) nke chromosomes-site na ijikọta onye nke ọ bụla ụdị chromosomes n'ebe onye ọ bụla nne na nna, onye na organism a kpụrụ nwere a okpukpu abụọ ka nke chromosomes. A abụọ-chromosome ogbo a na-akpọ "diploid", mgbe nke otu-chromosome ogbo bụ "haploid". Diploid ntule nwere ike, n'aka nke ya, na-etolite haploid mkpụrụ ndụ (gametes) na-enweghị usoro nwere otu n'ime onye ọ bụla nke chromosome ụzọ abụọ, site na meiosis. Meiosis-achọkwa ka a na ogbo nke chromosomal crossover, nke ógbè nke DNA na-gbanwere n'etiti adịkwa iche nke chromosomes, ka etolite ọhụrụ ụzọ nke mbuaha chromosomes. -Agabiga na njikọta spam (na recombining nke otu tent nke chromosomes-eme ka a ọhụrụ diploid) N'ihi ọhụrụ organism nwere a dị iche iche set nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa àgwà site n'aka ma nne na nna.
N'ọtụtụ ntule, ndị haploid ogbo e belata ka dị nnọọ gametes pụrụ iche na-recombine na-etolite ọhụrụ diploid organism; na ndị ọzọ, na gametes nwere ike n'ịnwụ cell nkewa na-emepụta multicellularhaploid ntule. N'ọnọdụ nke ọ bụla, gametes nwere ike ịbụ externally yiri, karịsịa na size (isogamy), ma ọ bụ o nwere ike ịbụ ghọrọ usoro ihe asymmetry dị otú ahụ na gametes dị iche iche na-aba na akụkụ ndị ọzọ (anisogamy).Site ná mgbakọ, na ibu gamete (akpọ onye na ovum, ma ọ bụ egg cell) a na-ewere ndị inyom, mgbe ndị nta gamete (a na-akpọ a spermatozoon, ma ọ bụ spam cell) a na-ewere nwoke. Otu onye na-emepụta nanị nnukwu gametes bụ nwanyị, na onye na-arụpụta nanị obere gametes bụ nwoke. Otu onye na-emepụta ma ụdị nke gametes bụ a hermaphrodite; na ụfọdụ hermaphrodites na-enwe ike onwe onye na-ifatilaiza na-amụpụta mkpụrụ nke ha, na-enweghị a abụọ organism.
Animals
Main isiokwu: Mmekọahụ mmeputakwa na ụmụ anụmanụ
Kasị mmekọahụ reproducing ụmụ anụmanụ na-eji ndụ ha dị ka diploid ntule, na haploid ogbo ebelata ka otu cell gametes. The gametes nke ụmụ anụmanụ nwere nwoke na nwaanyị iche-iche-spermatozoa na egg mkpụrụ ndụ. Ndị a gametes ikpokọta na-etolite embrayo nke ghọọ a ọhụrụ organism.
The nwoke gamete, a spermatozoon (ndị dị n'etiti a amu), bụ obere cell nwere otu ogologo flagellum nke propels ya. [22] Spermatozoa na-nnọọ belata mkpụrụ ndụ, kọrọ ọtụtụ cellular components nke ga-adị mkpa ka na-amalite amalite development. Ha na-pụrụ iche maka motility, na-achọ onye egg cell na fusing na ya na a usoro a na-akpọ Fertilization.
Female gametes bụ egg mkpụrụ ndụ (ndị dị n'etiti ovaries), nnukwu kwụụrụ mkpụrụ ndụ na-ebu nri na cellular components dị mkpa maka a na-emepe emepe ẹmbrayo.[23] Egg mkpụrụ ndụ na--ejikọta ya na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ nke na-akwado mmepe nke ẹmbrayo, akpụ ihe egg. Na mammals, ndị nwere akwa ẹmbrayo kama amalite n'ime nwaanyị,-anata oriri na-edozi kpọmkwem site nne ya.
Animals ndị na-emekarị mobile na-achọ a na onye òtù ọlụlụ nke nwoke na nwanyị maka mating. Animals nke na-ebi na mmiri nwere ike na-agbarịta ibe eji mpụga njikọta spam, ebe àkwá na spam na-tọhapụrụ n'ime na ikpokọta n'ime gburugburu mmiri. Ọtụtụ anụmanụ na-adị ndụ ná mpụga nke mmiri, Otú ọ dị, a ga-agafeta ọbara ọcha si n'ahụ nwoke na nwaanyị nweta esịtidem Fertilization.
Na ọtụtụ nnụnụ, ma excretion na mmeputakwa na-eme site na otu posterior oghere, a na-akpọ cloaca-nwoke na nwaanyị nnụnụ emetụ cloaca nyefee spam, a usoro a na-akpọ "cloacal isutụ onwe ha ọnụ". [25] na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na terrestrial ụmụ anụmanụ, ụmụ nwoke iji nkà na mmekọahụ na akụkụ aka iga nke spam-a nwoke mmekọahụ na akụkụ a na-akpọ intromittent akụkụ. N'ime ụmụ mmadụ na ndị ọzọ na mammals a nwoke ngwa bụ na amụ, nke abatakwa nwanyi omumu tract (akpọ ikpu) iji nweta insemination-a usoro a na-akpọ mmekọahụ. The amụ nwere a tube site na nke semen (a ọmụmụ nwere spam) aga. Na nwaanyị mammals ikpu-ejikọ na akpanwa, ihe ngwa nke na-akwado mmepe nke a nwere akwa ẹmbrayo n'ime (a usoro a na-akpọ gestation).
N'ihi na ha na motility, anụmanụ omume mmekọahụ pụrụ ịgụnye coercive mmekọahụ.-Akpasasị uche insemination, ihe atụ, na-eji ụfọdụ ụmụ ahụhụ na umu ka inseminate nwanyị site a ọnya na oghere-a usoro detrimental ka nke nne ahụ na ahụ ike.
osisi
Main isiokwu: Plant mmeputakwa
Dị ka ụmụ anụmanụ, osisi mepụtara specialized nwoke na nwaanyị gametes. [26] N'ime nkpuru osisi, nwoke gametes na-ẹdude n'ime ike mkpuchi, akpụ pollen. The nwanyi gametes nke osisi na-ẹdude withinovules; otu ugboro ịmụpụta site pollen ndị a ụdị osisi nke, dị ka àkwá,-ebu nri dị mkpa n'ihi na mmepe nke ẹmbrayo osisi.
Ọtụtụ osisi nwere okooko osisi bụ ndị a bụ mmekọahụ na akụkụ nke ndị na osisi.Okooko osisi ndị na-emekarị hermaphroditic, na-amị ma nwoke na nwanyị gametes.The nwanyi akụkụ, na etiti nke a ifuru, bụ ndị pistils, onye ọ bụla unit esịnede a carpel, a style na a ihere. Otu ma ọ bụ karịa n'ime ihe ndị a omumu nkeji nwere ike merged na-etolite a otu compound pistil. N'ime carpels bụ ovules nke ghọọ osisi mgbe njikọta spam. The nwoke akụkụ nke ifuru bụ stamens: ndị a iso nke ogologo filaments mere ndokwa n'etiti pistil na petals na-emepụta pollen na anthers na ha Atụmatụ. Mgbe a pollen ọka ala n'elu ihere on top of a carpel si style, ọ germinates na-emepụta a pollen tube na-etolite site n'aka anụ ahụ nke ndị style n'ime carpel, ebe ọ na-anapụta nwoke gamete nuclei ka ifatilaiza ihe ovule nke mesịrị iduba a nkpuru.
Na pines na ndị ọzọ na conifers ndị mmekọahụ na akụkụ ndị conifer cones na-enwe nwoke na nwaanyị iche-iche. The ọzọ maara nwaanyị cones bụ Elezie ọzọ inogide, nwere ovules n'ime ha. Nwoke cones bụ ndị dị nta ma na-emepụta pollen nke a na-ebu ya ifufe ala na nwaanyị cones. Dị ka okooko osisi, osisi na-etolite n'ime ndị inyom na cone mgbe pollination.
N'ihi na osisi na-kwụụrụ, ha adabere n'elu n'ezinụlọ ụzọ maka iburu pollen grains na osisi ndị ọzọ. Ọtụtụ osisi, nke gụnyere conifers na grasses,-emepụta fechaa pollen nke a na-ebu site ifufe na-agbata obi osisi. Osisi ndị ọzọ nwere arọ, nke nnyapade pollen na-pụrụ iche maka njem site na ụmụ ahụhụ. The osisi na-adọta ndị a na ụmụ ahụhụ ma ọ bụ ibu ụmụ anụmanụ dị otú ahụ dị ka humming nnụnụ na ụsụ na nectar-nwere okooko osisi. Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a ibufe na pollen ka ha kwaga ọzọ na okooko osisi, nke nwekwara nwanyi omumu akụkụ, dapụtara na pollination.
dịkwa ka usoro
Main isiokwu: mating ke dịkwa ka usoro
Kasị dịkwa ka usoro ha mụta nwa mmekọahụ, ime ka ma a haploid na diploid ogbo na-enwe usoro ha. Ndị a dịkwa ka usoro ha bụ Elezie isogamous, kọrọ nwoke na nwaanyị iche iche: haploid dịkwa ka usoro ha na-eto eto na kọntaktị na onye ọ bụla ọzọ ma a gwakọta ha mkpụrụ ndụ. Na ụfọdụ n'ime okwu ikpe ndị a na-anọ na bụ akpàràkpà, na cell nke enyele naanị a ntọala (na-adịghị soro cellular ihe onwunwe) nwere ike achọghị ịzụ ga-atụle "nwoke".
Ụfọdụ dịkwa ka usoro, gụnyere bred yist, nwere mating iche na ike a duality yiri nwoke na nwaanyị ọrụ. Yist na otu mating ụdị agaghị gwakọta ọ bụla ọzọ na-etolite diploid mkpụrụ ndụ, naanị ya na yist ebu nke ọzọ mating ụdị.
Dịkwa ka usoro ha na-emepụta mushrooms dị ka akụkụ nke mmekọahụ ha mmeputakwa. N'ime ero diploid mkpụrụ ndụ na-guzobere, mgbe e mesịrị nkerisi n'ime haploid spores-elu nke ero ọrịa AIDS na ndị dispersal ndị a mmekọahụ amụta ụmụ.
mmekọahụ mkpebi siri ike
Main isiokwu: Sex-mkpebi siri ike usoro
Ndị kasị mkpa mmekọahụ usoro bụ otu mgbe ndị niile ntule na-hermaphrodites, na-amị ma nwoke na nwanyị gametes- [ tikeeti mkpa ] nke a bụ eziokwu nke ụfọdụ ụmụ anụmanụ (eg ejula) na ọtụtụ n'ime okooko osisi. [29] Ọtụtụ mgbe, Otú ọ dị , iche iche nke nwoke na nwanyị ghọrọ usoro ndị dị otú ahụ na ụfọdụ ntule na-emepụta naanị nwoke ma ọ bụ naanị ndị inyom na gametes. Na ndu-akpata n'ihi na ihe organism-emepe emepe n'ime otu mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ a na-akpọ mmekọahụ mkpebi siri ike.
Na ọtụtụ nke umu mmekọahụ na-iche iche, ntule bụ ndị ma nwoke (amị naanị nwoke gametes) ma ọ bụ nwaanyị (amị naanị ndị inyom na gametes). Wezụga ndị nkịtị-dị ka ihe atụ roundworm C. elegans nwere hermaphrodite na a nwoke mmekọahụ (a usoro a na-akpọ androdioecy).
Mgbe ụfọdụ, ihe organism mmepe bụ n'etiti n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị, a ọnọdụ na-akpọ intersex. Mgbe ụfọdụ intersex ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-akpọ "hermaphrodite"; ma, n'adịghị ndu hermaphrodites, intersex ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-esịne ikpe na-adịghị a tụụrụ na ma nwoke na nwanyị akụkụ.
Genetic
Na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mmekọahụ-mkpebi siri ike na usoro, onye na organism si mmekọahụ kpebisiri ike site genome ya ketara. Genetic mmekọahụ-mkpebi siri ike na-emekarị na-adabere na asymmetrically ketara mmekọahụ chromosomes nke na-ebu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị na-emetụta mmepe; mmekọahụ nwere ike kpebisie ike ma ọ bụghị site ọnụnọ nke a mmekọahụ chromosome ma ọ bụ site ole na organism nwere.Genetic mmekọahụ-mkpebi siri ike, n'ihi na ọ na-kpebisie ike site chromosome agwaogwa, na-akpatakarị a 1: 1 ruru nke nwoke na nwaanyị mkpụrụ.
Ụmụ mmadụ na ndị ọzọ na mammals nwere XY mmekọahụ na ikpebiri usoro: na Y chromosome eburu kpatara-akpali ya nwoke development. The "ndabere mmekọahụ," na-anọghị nke a Y chromosome, bụ nwanyị-ka. N'ihi ya, XX mammals bụ nwaanyị na XY bụ nwoke. N'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ndu mmekọahụ kpebisiri ike site ise ihe ugbu mgbe a mụrụ ya: n'iru ma ọ bụ enweghị a Y chromosome (nke naanị ihe na-ekpebi onye mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mmekọahụ ), na ụdị gonads, na mmekọahụ homonụ, esịtidem omumu mmewere (dị ka akpanwa na nwanyị), na mpụga genitalia. [30]
XY mmekọahụ mkpebi siri ike a hụrụ na ndị ọzọ na ntule, gụnyere ndị nkịtị mkpụrụ ijiji na ụfọdụ osisi. [29] Mgbe ụfọdụ, gụnyere na mkpụrụ ijiji, ọ bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke X chromosomes na-ekpebi mmekọahụ kama ọnụnọ nke a Y chromosome ( hụ okpuru).
Na nnụnụ, nke nwere a ZW mmekọahụ-mkpebi siri ike usoro, ihe megidere ya: na W chromosome eburu kpatara nwanyi mmepe, na ndabere na mmepe bụ nwoke. [31] Na nke a ZZ mmadụ bụ nwoke na ZW bụ nwanyị. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime butterflies na moths-enwe a ZW mmekọahụ na ikpebiri usoro. Na ma XY na ZW mmekọahụ mkpebi siri ike na usoro, na mmekọahụ chromosome ebu oké egwu ihe bụ mgbe budata nta, na-ebu obere ihe karịa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị mkpa maka-akpali mmepe nke a nyere mmekọahụ.
Ọtụtụ ụmụ ahụhụ na-eji a mmekọahụ mkpebi siri ike usoro dabeere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmekọahụ chromosomes. A na-akpọ X0 mmekọahụ-mkpebi siri ike-ndị 0-egosi enweghị mmekọahụ chromosome. All ọzọ chromosomes ndị a ntule na-diploid, ma ntule nwere ike na-eketa otu ma ọ bụ abụọ X chromosomes. Na ubi crickets ka ihe atụ, ụmụ ahụhụ na otu X chromosome ịzụlite ka nwoke, ma ndị na abụọ ịzụlite ka nwanyị.[33] Na nematode C. elegans kasị ikpuru dị onwe-fertilizing XX hermaphrodites, ma mgbe ụfọdụ abnormalities na chromosome nketa mgbe nile enye ịrị elu na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na naanị otu X chromosome-ndị a X0 ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-eme nri ụmụ nwoke (na ọkara ụmụ ha ndị nwoke). [34]
Ndị ọzọ ụmụ ahụhụ, gụnyere mmanụ aṅụ aṅụ na ụmụ ahụhụ, na-eji a haplodiploid mmekọahụ na ikpebiri system.In a diploid enye ndị mmadụ nwaanyị, na haploid ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu (nke ịzụlite si n'enweghị akwa àkwá) bụ nwoke. A mmekọahụ na ikpebiri usoro-apụta na-ukwuu abụchaghị eziokwu mmekọahụ oke, dị ka mmekọahụ nke ụmụ kpebisiri ike site njiko spam kama agwaogwa nke chromosomes n'oge meiosis.
Nongenetic
N'ihi na ọtụtụ umu, mmekọahụ na-adịghị kpebisie ike site ketara àgwà, ma kama site gburugburu ebe obibi ihe-eme mgbe a development ma ọ bụ mgbe e mesịrị na ndụ.Ọtụtụ nākpu akpu nwere okpomọkụ na-agbado mmekọahụ mkpebi siri: okpomọkụ embrayo ahụmahụ ha n'oge ha mmepe na-ekpebi mmekọahụ nke organism. Na ụfọdụ turtles ka ihe atụ, ụmụ nwoke na-emepụta na ala incubation okpomọkụ karịa nwanyị;a dị iche na oké egwu okpomọkụ nwere ike ịbụ ka obere ka 1-2 ° C.
Ọtụtụ azụ ịgbanwe mmekọahụ n'elu N'ezie nke ha lifespan, a onu a na-akpọ zipụta ha n'usoro hermaphroditism. Na clownfish, nta azụ bụ nwoke, na-achị na azụ kasị ukwuu na otu ìgwè na-aghọ nwaanyị. N'ọtụtụ wrassesthe megidere ya-ọtụtụ azụ na mbụ na nwanyị na-aghọ nwoke mgbe ha ruru size. Zipụta ha n'usoro hermaphrodites nwere ike na-emepụta ma ụdị nke gametes n'elu N'ezie nke ndụ ha na ha, ma ọ bụla e nyere ebe ha bụ ndị ma ndị inyom ma ọ bụ nwoke.
Na ụfọdụ ferns ndabara mmekọahụ bụ hermaphrodite, ma ferns nke na-eto eto na ala na mbụ na-akwado hermaphrodites na-emetụta ihe mmapụta homonụ kama ịzụlite ka nwoke.
mmekọahụ dimorphism
Main isiokwu: Mmekọahụ dimorphism
Ọtụtụ ụmụ anụmanụ na ụfọdụ osisi nwere ọdịiche dị n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị sexes na-aba na ọdịdị, a onu a na-akpọ mmekọahụ dimorphism. Mmekọahụ iche dị na ụmụ mmadụ na-agụnye, n'ozuzu, a nnukwu ya na ndị ọzọ ahụ ntutu na ndikom; ndị inyom nwere ara, wider n'úkwù, na a elu ozu abụba pasent. Na ndị ọzọ ụdị, iche pụrụ ịbụ ihe ókè, dị ka iche dị na coloration ma ọ bụ bodyweight.
Mmekọahụ dimorphisms na ụmụ anụmanụ na--ejikọta ya na mmekọahụ nhọrọ - na asọmpi n'etiti mmadụ n'otu n'otu nke onye mmekọahụ na-agbarịta ibe na nwoke. Mpi na nwoke ele, n'ihi na ihe atụ, na-eji ọgụ n'etiti ndị nwoke iji merie omumu ohere nne ele. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ nwoke nke a ụdị ibu karịa ndị inyom. Anu ara umu ihe ókè mmekọahụ size dimorphism agbasaghị nwere ukwuu polygynous mating usoro-ikekwe n'ihi nhọrọ maka ihe ịga nke ọma mpi ọzọ na ụmụ nwoke bụ ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka enyí akàrà. Ihe atụ ndị ọzọ na-egosi na ọ bụ mmasị nke nwanyị na ụgbọala mmekọahụ dimorphism, dị ka n'ihe banyere thestalk-eyed ada.
Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere ọtụtụ ụmụ ahụhụ na ọtụtụ azụ, nwere ibu nwanyị. Nke a nwere ike ka ndị ha na-eri nke na-amị egg mkpụrụ ndụ, nke na-achọ ihe oriri na-edozi ịmịpụta spam-ibu nwanyị na-enwe ike-emepụta ihe na àkwá. Dị ka ihe atụ, nwaanyị ndịda nwa nwaanyị di ya nwụrụ spiders bụ Elezie ugboro abụọ ka anya dị ka ụmụ nwoke. Mgbe ụfọdụ a dimorphism bụ ókè, na ụmụ nwoke na-ebelata ka ndụ dị ka nje ndị ọzọ dabere na nwaanyị, dị ka na anglerfish. Osisi ụfọdụ na-egosipụta dimorphism nke nwanyị ndị budata ibu karịa ndị nke oké, dị ka na akpaetu Dicranum na liverwort Sphaerocarpos . E nwere ihe àmà na, na ndị a genera, ndị dimorphism nwere ike kegide a mmekọahụ chromosome, ma ọ bụ na- chemical na-agba ama si nwanyị.
Na nnụnụ, na ụmụ nwoke na-enwe a karị yi anya na nwere atụmatụ (dị ka ogologo ọdụ nke nwoke peacocks) nke ga-eyi ka-etinye organism na a mwepu (eg enwu gbaa na agba na-yiri ka hà na a nnụnụ ọzọ anya ka anụ). One chọrọ nkowa maka nke a bụ handicap ụkpụrụ. Nke a amụma kwuru na, site n'igosipụta ọ na-adịgide ndụ dị otú ahụ na-atụ n'ọnụ, ndị nwoke na-akpọsa ya mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mma ka nwanyị-àgwà ndị ga-erite uru ụmụ nwaanyị dị ka nke ọma, bụ ndị na-agaghị encumbered dị otú ahụ na-atụ n'ọnụ .
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